- S type and P type loonshots. Innovators (creating loonshots) have to co-exist with the “businessmen”- you can’t just segregate different groups. The innovators need the company to make a profit so they can continue to take risks and make discoveries. And the business needs to nurture loonshots.

- In case you were wondering how polarizing crystals were discovered. Or check out this article in Science magazine.

- Bad decisions may occasionally result in good outcomes. But you need to analyze wins- you might not be so lucky next time.

- Good decisions may result in bad outcomes. You made the best decision with the information at your disposal. In those same circumstances, you’d make that same decision.

- How do crickets synchronize their chirps?

- Percolation. A mathematical explanation for predicting events based on an inherent variable.

     - How do forest fires spread? Relevant variables- the distance between trees, humidity, wind.

     - How do pandemics start? How appropriate…depends on the proximity of individuals.

- Phase transitions

     - Why do traffic jams occur? Just above a certain density of cars on the roads→ jam.

- Emergence- innate characteristics of how a group functions based on the size (ie what patterns shift after the group reaches a size, although the precise size is variable for groups) While individuals remain puzzles, man in the aggregate becomes a mathematical certainty. Meaning- group dynamics are universal, regardless of the characteristics of the group members.